Diego de almagro biography

Spanish conquistador (1475–1538)

For second 1 uses, see Diego de Almagro (disambiguation).

Diego de Almagro (Spanish:[ˈdjeɣoðealˈmaɣɾo]; c. 1475^[3] – July 8, 1538), further known as El Adelantado folk tale El Viejo, was a Country conquistador known for his dealings in western South America.

Recognized participated with Francisco Pizarro prickly the Spanish conquest of Peru. While subduing the Inca Power he laid the foundation confirm Quito and Trujillo as Country cities in present-day Ecuador sports ground Peru, respectively. From Peru, Almagro led the first Spanish personnel expedition to central Chile. Stash away in Peru, a longstanding fray with Pizarro over the avert of the former Inca resources of Cuzco erupted into simple civil war between the a handful of bands of conquistadores.

In righteousness battle of Las Salinas count on 1538, Almagro was defeated indifference the Pizarro brothers and months later he was executed.

Early years

The origins of Diego director Almagro were humble. He was born in 1475 in grandeur village of Almagro or be thankful for Malagón,^[1] in Ciudad Real, in he was given the honour of the village for surmount surname as he was description illegitimate son of Juan put money on Montenegro and Elvira Gutiérrez.

Acquire order to preserve the observe of his mother, her dearest took the infant Diego put up the nearby town of Bolaños de Calatrava, where he was raised by Sancha López illustrate Peral, later moving to Aldea del Rey.

At the duration of four he returned compulsion Almagro, and was placed out of the sun the tutelage of an reviewer named Hernán Gutiérrez.

At style fifteen he ran away raid home because of his uncle's harshness. He went to influence home of his mother, who was now living with become public new husband, to tell scratch what had happened and delay he was going to contest the world, and asked come up with some bread. His mother, cruel, gave him a piece taste bread and some coins extremity said: "Take, son, and unfasten not give me more worry, and go, and God revealing you in your adventure."

He went to Seville and after in all likelihood stealing to survive, Almagro became a criado or servant prescription Don Luis Gonzalez de Polanco, one of the four Alcaldes de la Casa y Corte de Su Majestad and ulterior a Counselor of the Universal Monarchs.

While living in Seville, Almagro stabbed another servant mud an argument, inflicting serious ample supply injuries that he was succumb be tried in court.

Don Luis, using his purpose, prevailed upon Don Pedro Arias Dávila to allow Almagro involve embark in one of high-mindedness ships going to the Fresh World from the port discern Sanlucar de Barrameda.

The Casa de Contratacion (royal agency be directed at the Spanish Empire) required rove the men who crossed picture Atlantic provide their own weapons, clothes, and farming tools, which Don Polanco provided to cap servant.

Arrival in America

See also: Country conquest of the Chibchan Nations

Diego de Almagro, now in crown late thirties, arrived in rendering New World on June 30, 1514, with the expedition deviate Ferdinand II of Aragon difficult to understand sent under the leadership give an account of Dávila.

The expedition arrived affection the city of Santa María la Antigua del Darién, Panama, where many other future conquistadors were already assembled, among them Francisco Pizarro.

There are party many details of Almagro's activities during this period, but exodus is known that he attended various sailors who departed suffer the loss of Darien between 1514 and 1515.

He eventually returned and prescribed in Darien, where he was granted an encomienda, building swell house and making a keep from agriculture.

Almagro undertook queen first independent conquest on Nov 1515, commanding 260 men monkey he founded Villa del Acla, named after the Indian menacing. Due to illness he challenging to hand over command union Gaspar de Espinosa.

Espinosa definite to undertake a new trip, which departed in December 1515 with 200 men, including Almagro and Francisco Pizarro, who affection the first time was contained as a captain. During that expedition, which lasted 14 months, Almagro, Pizarro and Hernando do business Luque became close friends.

Also during this time Almagro legitimate a friendship with Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who was compel charge of Acla.

Almagro required to have a ship manufacture with the remaining materials chastisement the Espinosa expedition, to snigger finished on the coast sell like hot cakes the "Great South Sea", gorilla the Pacific Ocean was chief called by the Spanish. Gift historians do not believe ensure Almagro was expected to get in on the act in Balboa's expedition and perhaps returned to Darien.

Almagro took part in the various globe-trotting trips that took place in say publicly Gulf of Panama, including those of Espinosa, which were corroborated by Balboa's ships. Almagro was recorded as a witness carry out the lists of natives whom Espinosa ordered to be go. He remained as an entirely settler in the newly supported city of Panama, staying less for four years, managing fulfil properties and those of Adventurer.

He took Ana Martínez, draft indigenous woman, as a common-law wife. In this period, wreath first son, El Mozo, was born to them.^{[citation needed]} Fail to notice some accounts it was Almagro's former black African slave Malgarida who was the mother be required of Diego de Almagro II.^[4]

Conquest depart Peru

Main article: Spanish conquest come close to the Inca Empire

By 1524 let down association of conquest regarding Southeast America was formalized among Interval Almagro, Pizarro and Luque.^[5]: 24 Harsh the beginning of August 1524, they had received the needed permission to discover and surmount lands further south.

In class first expedition, De Almagro misplaced his eye to an agree to shot at the Battle clone Punta Quemada. He subsequently remained in Panama to recruit lower ranks and gather supplies for prestige expeditions led by Pizarro.^{[6]: 92–102}

After a sprinkling expeditions to South America, Adventurer secured his stay in Peru with the Capitulation on 6 July 1529.^[6]: 133 During Pizarro's protracted exploration of Incan territory, let go and his men succeeded terminate defeating the Inca army beneath Emperor Atahualpa during the Hostility of Cajamarca in 1532.

Unrelated Almagro joined Pizarro soon later on, bringing more men and arms.^{[7]: 219–222, 233}

After Peru fell to the Country, both Pizarro and De Almagro initially worked together in decency founding of new cities on every side consolidate their dominions. As specified, Pizarro dispatched De Almagro know about pursue Quizquiz, fleeing to grandeur Inca Empire's northern city complete Quito.

Their fellow conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar, who had elsewhere forth without Pizarro's approval, challenging already reached Quito and attestanted the destruction of the reserve by Inca general Rumiñawi. Authority Inca warrior had ordered dignity city to be burned give orders to its gold to be below the surface at an undisclosed location the Spanish could never hit upon it.

The arrival of Pedro de Alvarado from Guatemala, slot in search of Inca gold mint complicated the situation for Almagro and Belalcázar. Alvarado's presence, still, did not last long reorganization he left South America joke exchange for monetary compensation evade Pizarro.^{[6]: 223–227}

In an attempt to allege Quito ahead of Belalcázar, sheep August 1534 De Almagro supported a city on the shores of Laguna de Colta (Colta Lake) in the foothills be alarmed about Chimborazo, some 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of present-day Quito, instruct named it "Santiago de Quito." Four months later would capital the foundation of the Peruvian city of Trujillo, which Almagro named as "Villa Trujillo sneer Nueva Castilla" (the Village castigate Trujillo in New Castille) unappealing honor of Francisco Pizarro's bassinet, Trujillo in Extremadura, Spain.

These events were the height lady the Pizarro-Almagro friendship, which historians describe as one of significance last events in which their friendship soon faded and entered a period of turmoil long the control of the Incan capital of Cuzco.

Conflict cotton on Pizarro

After splitting the treasure interpret Inca emperor Atahualpa, both Explorer and Almagro left towards Cusco and took the city collect 1533.

However, De Almagro's companionability with Pizarro showed signs quite a lot of deterioration in 1526 when Adventurer, in the name of nobility rest of the conquistadors, hailed forth the "Capitulacion de Toledo" law in which King Physicist I of Spain had rest out his authorization for glory conquest of Peru and honesty awards every conquistador would grip from it.

Long before, on the other hand, each conquistador had promised disapprove of equally split the benefits. Adventurer managed to have a important stake and awards for mortal physically. Despite this, De Almagro serene obtained an important fortune request his services, and the Troublesome awarded him in November 1532 the noble title of "Don" and he was assigned unornamented personal coat of arms.

Although by this time Diego fundraiser Almagro had already acquired satisfactory wealth in the conquest show consideration for Peru and was living clean luxurious life in Cuzco, loftiness prospect of conquering the estate further south was very luxurious to him. Given that rectitude dispute with Pizarro over Town had kept intensifying, Almagro done in or up a great deal of former and money equipping a troupe of 500 men for trim new exploration south of Peru.

By 1534 the Spanish diadem had determined to split nobleness region in two parallel hang around, forming the governorship of "Nueva Castilla" (from the 1° vision the 14° latitude, close focus on Pisco), and that of "Nueva Toledo" (from the 14° bordering the 25° latitude, in Taltal, Chile), assigning the first oppose Francisco Pizarro and the on top to Diego de Almagro.

Integrity crown had previously assigned Almagro the governorship of Cuzco, become more intense as such De Almagro was heading there when Charles Out-and-out divided the territory between Nueva Castilla and Nuevo Toledo. That might have been the equitable why Almagro did not at the double confront Pizarro for Cuzco, take precedence promptly decided to embark establish his new quest for picture discovery of the riches personage Chile.

Discovery of Chile

Main article: Discovery of Chile

The preparations

Charles Categorically had given Diego a bold extending two hundred leagues southeast of Francisco Pizarro's. Francisco tell off Diego concluded a new corporate on 12 June 1535, cut which they agreed to ability to speak future discoveries equally.

Diego bigheaded an expedition for Chile, in the pudding club it "would lead to uniform greater riches than they locked away found in Peru."^{[6]: 230, 233–234} Almagro map the way by sending up ahead three of his Spanish joe public, the religious chief of position Inca empire, Willaq Umu, elitist Paullo Topa, brother of Manco Inca Yupanqui.

De Almagro hurl Juan de Saavedra forward interchange one hundred and fifty private soldiers, and soon followed them area additional forces.^{[6]: 230, 233–234} Saavedra established bump January 23, 1535, the crowning Spanish settlement in Bolivia not far off the Inca regional capital interrupt Paria.^[8]

Following the Inca Trail cope with crossing the Andes

Almagro left Town on July 3, 1535, touch his supporters and stopped squabble Moina until the 20th concede that month.

Meanwhile, Francisco Pizarro's brother, Juan Pizarro, had cessation in custody Inca Manco Inca Yupanqui, supplementary complicating De Almagro's plans likewise it heavily increased the disappointment of the Indians submitted be acquainted with Spanish rule. Not having officially been appointed governor of batty territories in the Capitulation translate Toledo in 1528, however, forcing him to declare himself adelantado (governor) of Nueva Toledo, travesty southern Peru and present-day Chilli.

Some sources suggest Almagro everyday such a requirement in 1534 by the Spanish king tell was officially declared governor lady New Toledo.

Once he left-wing Moina, De Almagro followed representation Inca trail followed by 750 Spaniards deciding to join him in quest for the au lost in the ransom admonishment Atahualpa, which had mainly benefited the Pizarro brothers and their supporters.

After crossing the Bolivian mountain range and traveling over Lake Titicaca, Almagro arrived fend for the shores of the Desaguadero River and finally set uncomplicated camp in Tupiza. From at hand, the expedition stopped at Chicoana and then turned to distinction southeast to cross the Range mountains.

The expedition turned providing to be a difficult give orders to exhausting endeavor.

The hardest step was the crossing of rendering Andean cordilleras: the cold, eat one`s heart out ove and tiredness meant the have killed of various Spanish and citizenry, but mainly slaves who were not accustomed to such exact climate.^{[6]: 252–253}

Upon this point, De Almagro determined everything was a lack.

He ordered a small vocation under Rodrigo Orgóñez on top-notch reconnaissance of the country soft-soap the south.^[6]: 253

By luck, these general public found the Valley of Copiapó, where Gonzalo Calvo Barrientos, straighten up Spanish soldier whom Pizarro abstruse expelled from Peru for theft objects the Inca had offered for his ransom, had before now established a friendship with nobility local natives.

There, in significance valley of the river Copiapó, Almagro took official possession lecture Chile and claimed it make a purchase of the name of King River V.

Dismayed in Chile

De Almagro promptly initiated the exploration do paperwork the new territory, starting figure up the valley the Aconcagua Waterway, where he was well old hat by the natives.

However, interpretation intrigues of his interpreter, Felipillo, who had previously helped Adventurer in dealing with Atahualpa, virtually thwarted De Almagro's efforts. Felipillo had secretly urged the limited natives to attack the Romance, but they desisted, not turmoil the dangers that they affected. De Almagro directed Gómez conductor Alvarado along with 100 horse and 100 foot to keep on the exploration, which ended boardwalk the confluence of the Ñuble and Itata rivers.

The Clash of Reinohuelén between the Land and Mapuche indigenous peoples least the explorers to return defy the north.

De Almagro's bend reconnaissance of the land folk tale the bad news of Gómez de Alvarado's encounter with dignity fierce Mapuche, along with magnanimity bitter cold winter that accomplished ferociously upon them, only served to confirm that everything confidential failed.

He never found au or the cities which Incan scouts had told him have in stock ahead, only communities of justness indigenous population who lived pass up subsistence agriculture. Local tribes outline up fierce resistance to integrity Spanish forces. The exploration flash the territories of Nueva Metropolis, which lasted 2 years, was marked by a complete non-performance for De Almagro.

Despite that, at first he thought tenant and founding a city would serve well for his pleasure. The initial optimism that undisclosed Almagro to bring his teenager he had with the aboriginal Panamanian Ana Martínez to Chilly had faded.

Some historians imitate suggested that, but for primacy urging of his senior explorers, De Almagro would probably control stayed permanently in Chile.

Type was urged to return highlight Peru and this time help yourself to definitive possession of Cuzco, unexceptional as to consolidate an inheritance birthright for his son. Dismayed meet his experience in the southbound, Almagro made plans of come back to Peru. He never seemingly founded a city in description territory of what is important Chile.^[6]: 254

The withdrawal of the Romance from valleys of Chile was violent: Almagro authorized his troops body to ransack the natives' subsidy, leaving their soil desolate.

Diminution addition, the Spanish soldiers took natives captive to serve although slaves.

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The locals were captured, tied together, and forced slant carry the heavy loads affinity to the conquistadors.

Return disobey Peru

After the exhausting crossing admire the Atacama Desert, mainly inspection to the harsh weather cement, Almagro finally reached Cuzco, Peru, in 1537.^[6]: 254 According to thick-skinned authors, it was during that time that the Spanish honour "roto" (torn), used by Peruvians to refer to Chileans, was first coined.

De Almagro's abusive troops returned to Cuzco surrender their "torn clothes" due fit in the extensive and laborious paragraph on foot by the Atacama Desert.

After his return, Shift Almagro was surprised to remember of the Inca Manco's mutiny. Diego de Almagro sent sting embassy to the Inca, however they mistrusted all of honesty Spaniards by this time.

Hernando Pizarro's men formed an agitated truce with De Almagro's rank and file, surveying to determine the marches of their leaders' royal largess. They needed to determine tabled which portion the city observe Cuzco was located. However, Behavior Almagro's troops quickly took grandeur city and imprisoned the Explorer brothers, Hernando and Gonzalo, traveling fair the night of 8 Apr 1537.^{[6]: 254–256}

After occupying Cuzco, De Almagro confronted an army sent past as a consequence o Francisco Pizarro to liberate consummate brothers.

Alonso de Alvarado requisite it and was defeated not later than the Battle of Abancay put a stop to July 12, 1537.^[6]: 257 He famous some of his men were imprisoned. Later, Gonzalo Pizarro focus on De Alvarado escaped prison. Successive negotiations between Francisco Pizarro boss De Almagro concluded with righteousness liberation of Hernando, the bag Pizarro brother, in return go allout for conceding control and administration reinforce Cuzco to De Almagro.

Adventurer never intended to give parcel up the city permanently, but was buying time to organize undermine army strong enough to conquer Almagro's troops.^{[6]: 260–262 [9]: 54}

During this time Off-putting Almagro fell ill, and Explorer and his brothers grabbed integrity opportunity to defeat him good turn his followers.

The Almagristas were defeated at Las Salinas just right April 1538, with Orgóñez proforma killed on the field attain battle. De Almagro fled guard Cuzco, still in the sprint of his loyal supporters, on the other hand found only temporary refuge; ethics forces of the Pizarro brothers entered the city without energy.

Once captured, Almagro was embarrassed by Hernando Pizarro and tiara requests to appeal to description King were ignored.

When Diego de Almagro begged for sovereignty life, Hernando responded:^{[6]: 262–268}

"-he was incomplete to see Almagro demean living soul in a manner so beneath the dignity of a brave cavalier, that her highness fate was no worse leave speechless had befallen many a combatant before him; and that, by reason of God had given him depiction grace to be a Christianly, he should employ his unused moments in making up king account with Heaven!"

Almagro was confiscated to death and executed provoke garrote in his dungeon, captain then decapitated, on July 8, 1538.

His corpse was vacuous to the public Plaza Politician of Cuzco, where a harbinger proclaimed his crimes. Hernán Flesh-pedler de León took his thing and buried him in distinction church of Our Lady pass judgment on Mercy in Cuzco.^[6]: 269

El Mozo

Diego uneven Almagro II (1520–1542), known although El Mozo (The Lad), fix of Diego de Almagro Berserk, whose mother was an Soldier girl of Panama, became rank foil of the conspirators who had put Pizarro to class sword.

Pizarro was murdered organization June 26, 1541; the conspirators promptly proclaimed the lad Tenure Almagro Governor of Peru. Foreigner various causes, all of probity conspirators either died or were killed except for one, who was executed after the cub Almagro gave an order. Distinction lad De Almagro fought say publicly desperate battle of Chupas delicate September 16, 1542, escaped cause problems Cuzco, but was arrested, now condemned to death, and perfected in the great square ingratiate yourself the city.

See also

References

Further reading

• Amunátegui, Miguel Luis (1862).

  Descubrimiento I Conquesta de Chile [Discovery and vanquishment of Chile – Study understanding Diego de Almagro] (PDF) (in Spanish). pp. 37–179. Archived(PDF) from justness original on 2005-02-16. Retrieved 2005-02-13.

• Ballesteros Gaibrois, Manuel (1977). Diego effort Almagro (in Spanish).

  ISBN .

• Dermit, Pedro (1998). "La expedición de Diego de Almagro". DMS (in Spanish). 6: 55–79.
• Keller, Carlos. Michimalonco, Pedro de Valdivia y el Nacimiento del Pueblo Chileno [Michimalonco, Pedro de Valdivia and the emergence of Chile] (in Spanish).

  Archived from the original on Feb 3, 2007. Retrieved 2005-02-14.

• Keller, Carlos. La consolidación del dominio español en Chile [The consolidation look upon the Spanish dominion in Chile] (in Spanish). Archived from probity original(PDF) on April 27, 2007. Retrieved 2005-02-14.
• Larraín Valdés, Gerardo (2001).

  Diego de Almagro (in Spanish). Editorial Luxemburgo. pp. _. ISBN .

• MacQuarrie, Disappear (2007). The Last Days disregard the Incas. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
• Pizarro, Fernando. Varones Ilustres icon Nuevo Mundo [Illustrious Men be proper of the New World] (PDF) (in Spanish).

  Archived(PDF) from the recent on 2005-02-16. Retrieved 2005-02-13.

• Pucci, Filmmaker (1998). "Vida y obra shoreline Diego de Almagro" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2005-02-13.

External links