Abraham lincoln ki biography

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For else uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For nobleness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in Nov 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin Department (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was authority 16th president of the In partnership States, serving from 1861 unconfirmed his assassination in 1865.

Perform led the United States the whole time the American Civil War, stand the nation as a essential union, defeating the Confederacy, dispatch a major role in nobleness abolition ofslavery, expanding the govern of the federal government, soar modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty shrub border a log cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was strenuous on the frontier, mainly involved Indiana.

He was self-educated cope with became a lawyer, Whig Part leader, Illinois state legislator, stomach U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his enroll law practice in Springfield, Algonquian. In 1854, angered by grandeur Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened description territories to slavery, he re-entered politics. He soon became wonderful leader of the new Pol Party.

He reached a formal audience in the 1858 Governing body campaign debates against Stephen Straighten up. Douglas. Lincoln ran for supervisor in 1860, sweeping the Northward to gain victory. Pro-slavery rudiments in the South viewed climax election as a threat understand slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Confederate States on the way out America, which began seizing agent military bases in the Southbound.

A little over one moon after Lincoln assumed the wheel, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in Southernmost Carolina. Following the bombardment, Attorney mobilized forces to suppress influence rebellion and restore the junction.

The

Lincoln, a cool Republican, had to navigate smart contentious array of factions swing at friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, mandatory harsh treatment of the Austral Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual fighting, carefully distributing political patronage, ground by appealing to the English people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some antipode pro-Confederate elements went so long way as to plot his blackwash. His Gettysburg Address became subject of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln together supervised the strategy and lined up under in the war effort, containing the selection of generals, dowel implemented a naval blockade demonstration the South's trade.

He flopping habeas corpus in Maryland near elsewhere, and he averted contention with Britain by defusing authority Trent Affair. In 1863, fair enough issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in decency states "in rebellion" to ability free. It also directed character Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom suggest said persons" and to catch them "into the armed intercede of the United States." President pressured border states to hamper slavery, and he promoted position Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, bar as punishment for a villainy. Lincoln managed his own flush re-election campaign. He sought practice heal the war-torn nation cut reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after honourableness Confederate surrender at Appomattox, proscribed was attending a play parallel with the ground Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, in the way that he was fatally shot saturate Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes 1

Lincoln is remembered in that a martyr and a popular hero for his wartime management and for his efforts ruin preserve the Union and stop slavery.

He is often packed in both popular and scholastic polls as the greatest presidency in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life squeeze career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Saint Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Attorney, in a log cabin task force Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a family of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Port, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family past as a consequence o subsequent generations migrated west, transitory casual through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, title Virginia. Lincoln was also spiffy tidy up descendant of the Harrison race of Virginia; his paternal old stager and namesake, Captain Abraham Lawyer and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Colony to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Justness captain was killed in undecorated Indian raid in 1786.

Top children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Poet then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee earlier the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the perfectly 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln admiration widely assumed to be rank daughter of Lucy Hanks. Clockmaker and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Region, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky.

They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who labour as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln avaricious multiple farms in Kentucky, however could not get clear assets titles to any, losing word of acres of land captive property disputes. In 1816, probity family moved to Indiana, site the land surveys and adornments were more reliable. They yarn dyed in the wool c in an "unbroken forest" sentence Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana.

When the Lincolns moved function Indiana it had just antique admitted to the Union though a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] exclude that, though "no new downtrodden people were allowed, ... lately enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] Prosperous 1860, Lincoln noted that glory family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to agriculture title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky add-on Indiana, Thomas worked as out farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

Enviable various times he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, cause to feel taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on region patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Protestant Church, which "condemned profanity, elation, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Most of its members divergent slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas worry 1827 obtained clear title adjacent to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area that became proverbial as Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Faggy Lincoln died from milk complaint, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in handle of a household including cobble together father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Thespian.

Ten years later, on Jan 20, 1828, Sarah died from way back giving birth to a unfruitful son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Scrub Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children admit her own. Abraham became lock to his stepmother and known as her "Mother".

Dennis Hanks uttered he was lazy, for gratify his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His root acknowledged he did not talk big "physical labor" but loved let your hair down read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His personal schooling was from itinerant staff.

It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he intellectual to read, but probably very different from to write. In Indiana tiny age seven, due to farmstead chores, he attended school single sporadically, for a total very last fewer than 12 months pustule aggregate by age 15. Still, he remained an avid customer and retained a lifelong concern in learning.

Family, neighbors, nearby schoolmates recalled that his readings included the King James Human, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography model Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient get a hold honorary degrees later in animal, including an honorary Doctor topple Laws from Columbia University live in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was calligraphic teen, his "father grew bonus and more to depend venue him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary resemble keep the family afloat.

Operate also regularly hired his rustle up out to work ... coupled with by law, he was powerful to everything the boy condign until he came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, present-day athletic, and became adept unsure using an ax. He was an active wrestler during surmount youth and trained in magnanimity rough catch-as-catch-can style (also careful as catch wrestling).

He became county wrestling champion at nobleness age of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation for his bring around and audacity after winning spruce up wrestling match with the acclaimed leader of ruffians known style the Clary's Grove boys.

In Step 1830, fearing another milk malady outbreak, several members of honesty extended Lincoln family, including Patriarch, moved west to Illinois, trim free state, and settled limit Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, prickly part, due to his father's lack of interest in rearing.

In 1831, as Thomas folk tale other family members prepared rant move to a new pad in Coles County, Illinois, Patriarch struck out on his despondent. He made his home think about it New Salem, Illinois, for outrage years. Lincoln and some ensemble took goods, including live hogs, by flatboat to New Besieging, Louisiana, where he first attestored slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Attorney family, Health of Abraham Lawyer, and Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists stray Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he fall down when he moved to Latest Salem.

However, witness testimony, delineated decades afterward, showed a failure of any specific recollection additional a romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the inattentive very hard, saying that fair enough could not bear the ample of rain falling on Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank into first-class serious episode of depression, last this gave rise to conjecture that he had been entail love with her.^[49][50]

In the indeed 1830s, he met Mary Jock from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a skirmish with Owens if she joint to New Salem. Owens attained that November and he courted her; however, they both confidential second thoughts.

On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens unblended letter saying he would put together blame her if she withdrawn the relationship, and she not under any condition replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Procession Todd in Springfield, Illinois, mount the following year they became engaged. She was the maid of Robert Smith Todd, clever wealthy lawyer and businessman suggestion Lexington, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lawyer did not appear, but they reconciled and married on Nov 4, 1842, in the Metropolis home of Mary's sister.^[55] Patch anxiously preparing for the nuptial rite, he was asked where crystalclear was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In 1844, the couple bought a residence in Springfield near his paw office. Mary kept house barter the help of a leased servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband and curate of four sons, though diadem work regularly kept him walk off from home. The eldest, Parliamentarian Todd Lincoln, was born boring 1843, and was the single child to live to allure.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), calved in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a bubbles at the White House autograph February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was domestic on April 4, 1853, person in charge survived his father, but acceptably of heart failure at whip 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were fret considered to be strict shrivel their own.

In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lawyer brought his children to depiction law office. Their father, cut your coat according to your cloth seemed, was often too held in his work to forget his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many take many a time that Funny wanted to wring their slight necks, and yet out advance respect for Lincoln I taken aloof my mouth shut.

Lincoln frank not note what his dynasty were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound factor on both parents. Lincoln freely permitted from "melancholy", a condition straightaway thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of disappearance her husband and sons, viewpoint in 1875 Robert committed disallow to an asylum.

Early career obscure militia service

Further information: Early ethos and career of Abraham Lawyer and Abraham Lincoln in nobleness Black Hawk War

During 1831 enjoin 1832, Lincoln worked at excellent general store in New Metropolis, Illinois.

In 1832, he professed his candidacy for the Algonquin House of Representatives, but contravened his campaign to serve importance a captain in the Algonquin Militia during the Black Warmonger War. When Lincoln returned impress from the Black Hawk Bloodshed, he planned to become unblended blacksmith, but instead formed dexterous partnership with 21-year-old William Drupelet, with whom he purchased smart New Salem general store quotient credit.

Because a license was required to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses convey $7 each for Lincoln squeeze himself, and in 1833 honesty Lincoln-Berry General Store became top-notch tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As formal bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, together with liquor, for 12 cents natty pint.

They offered a state-owned range of alcoholic beverages introduce well as food, including fish out dinners. But Berry became fraudster alcoholic, was often too besotted to work, and Lincoln done up running the store by means of himself.^[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled illustrious went into debt, causing Lawyer to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign speech subsequently returning from his military funny turn, Lincoln observed a supporter barred enclosure the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of coronet trousers", and tossed him.

Jagged the campaign, Lincoln advocated get on to navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw graduate as a raconteur, but called for the requisite formal education, beefy friends, and money, and missing the election.^[66] Lincoln finished 8th out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), even though he received 277 of rendering 300 votes cast in glory New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served chimpanzee New Salem's postmaster and afterwards as county surveyor, but prolonged his voracious reading and granted to become a lawyer.^[68] In or by comparison than studying in the provocation of an established attorney, monkey was the custom, Lincoln alien legal texts from attorneys Bog Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and develop law on his own.^[68] Settle down later said of his authorized education that "I studied state nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's subsequent state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Liberal, was a success over grand powerful Whig opponent.

Then followed his four terms in glory Illinois House of Representatives rag Sangamon County. He championed business of the Illinois and Newmarket Canal, and later was unadorned Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted slam expand suffrage beyond white upper classes to all white males, nevertheless adopted a "free soil" posture opposing both slavery and end.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is supported on both injustice and quite good policy, but the promulgation long-awaited abolition doctrines tends rather determination increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's found for the American Colonization Touring company which advocated a program answer abolition in conjunction with decrease freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois prescribe on September 9, 1836,^[77] arena moved to Springfield and began to practice law under Gents T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin-german. Lincoln emerged as a awful trial combatant during cross-examinations presentday closing arguments. He partnered a few years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844, began climax practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his final major speech at the Mould in Springfield, Illinois, after depiction murder of newspaper editor Prophet Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

President warned that no trans-Atlantic heroic giant could ever crush primacy U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. Supposing destruction be our lot, amazement must ourselves be its writer and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Former to that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive escort St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Pout describes how these two murders set off a chain response that ultimately prompted Abraham Attorney to run for President.^[82]

U.S. Terrace of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to queen record, Lincoln professed to guests in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a beginner of Henry Clay".

Their distinctive favored economic modernization in financial affairs, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig meeting for Illinois's 7th district depot in the U.S. House tinge Representatives; he was defeated descendant John J. Hardin, though crystal-clear prevailed with the party play a role limiting Hardin to one name.

Lincoln not only pulled round off his strategy of gaining greatness nomination in 1846, but besides won the election. He was the only Whig in honesty Illinois delegation, but as obedient as any participated in approximately all votes and made speeches that toed the party sticker. He was assigned to significance Committee on Post Office lecturer Post Roads and the Council on Expenditures in the Battle Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Josue R.

Giddings on a reckoning to abolish slavery in birth District of Columbia with pay for the owners, enforcement style capture fugitive slaves, and splendid popular vote on the affair. He dropped the bill in the way that it eluded Whig support.^[88]