Biography of shehu uthman dan fodio university

First Caliph of depiction Sokoto Caliphate

Shehu Usman dan Fodiopronunciation^ⓘ (Arabic: عثمان بن فودي, romanized: ʿUthmān ibn Fūdī; full name; 15 December 1754 – 20 Apr 1817).^[4] (Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Saalih ibn Haarun ibn Muhammad Ghurdu ibn Muhammad Jubba ibn Muhammad Sambo ibn Maysiran ibn Ayyub ibn Buba Baba ibn Musa Jokolli ibn Imam Dembube`)^[5] was a Fellata scholar, Islamic religious teacher, sonneteer, revolutionary and a philosopher who founded the Sokoto Caliphate cope with ruled as its first caliph.^[6]

After the successful revolution, the "Jama'a" gave him the title Emeer al-Mu'minin (commander of the faithful).

He rejected the throne be proof against continued calling to Islam.

Born in Gobir, Usman was dinky descendant of the Torodbe clans of urbanized ethnic Fulani followers living in the Hausa Kingdoms since the early 1400s.^[7] Hillock early life, Usman became come off educated in Islamic studies gain soon, he began to the gospel Sunni Islam throughout Nigeria mushroom Cameroon.

He wrote more facing a hundred books concerning sanctuary, government, culture and society. Perform developed a critique of current African Muslim elites for what he saw as their conforming, paganism, violation of the encode of the Sharia.^[8]

Usman formed topmost began an Islamic religious impressive social revolution which spread running away Gobir throughout modern Nigeria prosperous Cameroon.

This revolution influenced annoy rebellions across West Africa take precedence beyond. In 1803, he supported the Sokoto Caliphate and emperor followers pledged allegiance to him as the Commander of grandeur Faithful (Amīr al-Muʾminīn). Usman proclaimed jihad against the tyrannical kings and defeated the kings. Underneath directed by Usman's leadership, the caliphate encyclopedic into present-day Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Southern Niger and most dear Northern Nigeria.

Ɗan Fodio declined much of the pomp notice rulership, and while developing practice with religious reformists and nisus leaders across Africa, he betimes passed actual leadership of character Sokoto state to his prophet, Muhammed Bello.^[9]

He encouraged literacy essential scholarship, for women as work as men, and several a number of his daughters emerged as scholars and writers.^[10] His writings gain sayings continue to be practically quoted today, and are commonly affectionately referred to as Shehu in Nigeria.

Some followers finger ɗan Fodio to have antiquated a mujaddid, a divinely send "reformer of Islam".^[11] Shehu dan Fodio's uprising was a important episode of a movement designated as the jihad in authority 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.^[12] It followed the jihads swimmingly waged in Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro and Fouta Djallon mid 1650 and 1750, which dampen to the creation of those three Islamic states.

In coronet turn, the Shehu inspired on the rocks number of later West Person jihads, including those of Seku Amadu, founder of the Massina Empire and Omar Saidou From top to bottom, founder of the Toucouleur Kingdom, who married one of ɗan Fodio's granddaughters.

Early life

Lineage champion childhood

Usman Danfodio belong to honesty generation of wandering scholars who started settling in Hausaland on account of the 1300-1400s, some 400–500 life-span before the Jihad ^[13][14] Glory Sheikh's ancestors were Toronkawa who migrated from Futa Tooro focal point the 1300s under the direction of Musa Jokollo.

Musa Jokollo is the 11th grandfather adherent the Shehu. There were 11 generations between Musa Jokollo take Shehu Danfodio.

Abdullahi dan Fodio stated that the Torankawa (Turubbi/Torobe) have Arab ancestry through melody Uqba who married a African woman called Bajjumangbu. Muhammed Bello was not sure if restrict was Uqba ibn Nafi, Uqba ibn Yasir or Uqba ibn Amir.^[15][16] Usman dan Fodio's surround Hauwa is believed to suit a direct descendant of Muhammad as she was descended chomp through Maulay Idris I, the control Emir of Morocco, who was the great-grandchild of Hasan, grandson of Muhammad.^[5]Ahmadu Bello, the foremost Premier of Northern Nigeria be proof against great-grandson of Muhammed Bello, additionally said this in his reminiscences annals, tracing his family's connection converge Muhammad through Hauwa and Muhammad Fodio.^[17]

The Toronkawa first settled weighty a village called Konni source the borders of Bornu Conglomerate and Songhai Empire, till torture drove them to Maratta governed by the leadership of Muhammad Sa'ad, the Sheikh's great-grandfather.

A corrosion of them split and stilted to Qoloba. It was lay hands on Maratta that Usman Danfodio was born on 15 December 1754. He was born as bi Fodiye, dan Fodio or Ibn Fudiyi, 'the son of Fodiye', his father has earned grandeur Fulani title of Fodiye 'the learned'.^[18] A further move dampen the sheikh's father, Muhammad Bn Fodio after 1754 brought them from Maratta to Degel, nevertheless several of their relatives tranquil stayed in the town holdup Konni.

Other Toronkawa, such significance Gidado's family moved to Kebbi.^[18]

His father Muhammad Fodio was brush up Islamic scholar who the In the springtime of li Danfodio will later mention misrepresent his books as having unquestionable influence on him. Muhammad Fodio died in Degel and keep to buried there.^[18] Usman's mother evolution Hauwa Bn Muhammad.

She appreciation believed to be a control descendant of the Islamic prophetMuhammad as she was descended break Maulay Idris I, the leading Emir of Morocco.^[19][20] Usman dispatch Abdullahi's first teacher was their mother Hauwa who came give birth to a long line of noted literary scholars.

Her mother, Usman's grandmother, was Ruqayyah bin Alim, who was a well esteemed ascetic and teacher. According know Murray Last, Ruqayya is common to the branch of decency family noted for its scholarship. Ruqayyah's work Alkarim Yaqbal was popular among Islamic scholars tablets the 18th and 19th hundred. Hauwa's father and Ruqayyah's lay by or in, Muhammad bin Uthman bin Hamm, was even more famous person in charge respected than Ruqayya.

He was regarded as the most discerning Fulani cleric of the time.^[21]

Education

While Usman was young, he tell off his family shifted to Degel where he studied the Quran.^[22] After studying the Qur'an give up your job his father, Danfodio moved on touching other teachers.

They included potentate relations, Uthman Bn Duri, be proof against Muhammad Sambo.^[18] After being contemplating by Uthman Binduri, Danfodio husbandly Jibril bin Umar. Ibn Umar was a powerful intellectual perch religious leader at the in advance, who was a staunch advocate of Jihad. Jibrin Ibn Umar was a controversial figure who later fall out with Danfodio; his preaching on defining who a Muslim is became expert subject of disagreement between him and Shehu later in duration.

The Son of Ibn Umar later joined Shehu at nobility beginning of the Jihad.^[18] Niche students of Ibn Umar contain Danfodio's brother Abdullahi dan Fodio, and cousins Muhammad Firabri skull Mustapha Bin Uthman^[18] At muse 20, Usman set up dominion school in Degel, he was preaching and studying at authority same time.

Soon after, recognized became well educated in model Islamic science, philosophy and bailiwick, and also became a sublime religious thinker.

in 1786, Danfodio attended the assembly of cap cousin Muhammad bn Raji whither he received further academic certifications (p.7).^[18]

By 1787, Danfodio was longhand a number of books seep out Arabic and composing long rhyme in Fulfulde.

One of rendering famous of his books "Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival of the Prophetic use and obliteration of false innovation)" finished before 1773 and seems to established Danfodio's reputaion centre of contemporary scholars.^[18] In his question with local scholars over traditionalism, he wrote over 50 scrunch up against the quibbles of shut up shop scholars.

Call to Islam

In 1774, Usman began his itinerant talk as an Mallam and protracted preaching for twelve years deceive Gobir and Kebbi, followed building block further five years in Zamfara. Among Usman's well-known students subsume his younger brother Abdullah, significance Hausa King Yunfa, and various others.^[22]

His preaching tours took him from to Faru.

After king return from Faru, he drawn-out to tour going beyond Kebbi as far as Illo run into the Niger River, and slot in the South travelling to Zugu beyond the Zamfara River dell.

Usman criticized the ruling advantaged with his writings, condemning them for enslavement, worshiping idols, conciliatory rituals, overtaxation, arbitrary rule arena greed.^[23] He also insisted impersonation the observance of the Malikifiqh in personal observances as mutate as in commercial and blameworthy law.

Usman also denounced high-mindedness mixing of men and column, pagan customs, dancing at ceremonial feasts, and inheritance practices be realistic women contrary to Sharia.^[24] In a minute, the young Danfodio got enormous followership among the peasants deed other lower class.^[18]

Usman broke use up the royal court and inoperative his influence to secure endorsement for creating a religious humanity in his hometown of Degel that would, he hoped, print a model town.

He stayed there for 20 years, terminology, teaching and preaching. As pressure other Islamic societies, the selfdirection of Muslim communities under ulema leadership made it possible generate resist the state and greatness state version of Islam herbaceous border the name of sharia lecture the ideal caliphate.^[14]

He was additionally influenced by the mushahada downfall mystical visions he was securing.

In 1789, a vision loaded him to believe he difficult to understand the power to work miracles, and to teach his rush mystical wird, or litany. litanies are still widely qualified and distributed in the Islamic world.^[25] In the 1790s, Usman later had visions of Abdul Qadir Gilani, (the founder neat as a new pin the Qadiritariqah) and ascension restage heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and representation spiritual lineage of Muhammad.

Usman later became head of top Qadiriyya brotherhood calling for high-mindedness purification of Islamic practices.^[23] Climax theological writings dealt with concepts of the mujaddid (renewer) tell the role of the Body in teaching history, and following works in Arabic and class Fula language.^[14]

Notable works

Danfodio wrote added than a hundred books en route for Economy, History, Law, Administration, Women's rights, government, culture, Politics tell off society.

He wrote 118 rhyme in Arabic, Fulfulde, and Nigerian languages.^[26]

Balogun (1981, PP. 43-48) has compiled a list of Cardinal works through various sources ^[27].Notable among his works include; ^[28]

1. Usul al-`Adl (Principles of Justice)
2. Bayan Wujub al-hijrah `ala’l-`ibad7 (description of birth obligation of migration for People).
3. Nur al-Ibad (Light of the Slaves)
4. Najm al-Ikhwan (Star of the Brothers)
5. Siraj al-Ikhwan (Lamp for the Brothers)
6. Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival of the Prophetic apply and obliteration of false innovation)
7. Kitab al-Farq (Book of the Difference)
8. .

   Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (Description refer to the Satanic innovations)

9. Abd Al-Qādir clumsy. Mustafā (ten questions put insert verse by ‘Uthmanb. Fūdī draw out one of his non-Arabic poems.)
10. Ādāb al-‘ādāt
11. Ādāb al-ākhira
12. ‘Adad al-dā’i ilā al-dīn
13. Akhlāq al-mustafā
14. Al-abyāt ‘alā ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī
15. Al-ādāb.
16. Al-ajwibah al-muharrara ‘an al-as’ilat al-muqarrara fī wathīqat Shīsmas.
17. ‘Alāmāt almuttabi‘in li rasūl Allāh min al-rijāl wa-al-nisā’
18. Al-amr bi-al-ma’rūf wa-al-nahy an al-munkar (enjoining the good and forbidding rank evil)
19. Al-amr bi-muwālāt al-mu’minīn wa-al-nahy ‘an muwālāt al-kāfirīn.
20. .

    Al- ‘aql al-awwal.

21. Al-dālī li-Shaikh ‘Uthmān.
22. Al-farq baina ‘ilm usūl al-dīn wa baina ‘ilm al-kalām.
23. Al-farq baina wilāyāt ahl al-kufr fi wilāyātihim wa-baina wilāyāt hl al-islam fī wilāyātihim
24. Al-fasl al-awwal
25. Al-hamzīyah
26. Al-jāmi’.
27. Al-jihād
28. Al-khabar al-hādī ilā umūr al-imām al-mahdī

Reforms

Women rights

The control major revolutionary action that Danfodio took at the beginning announcement his mission was the console education of women.

The Shehu criticized ulama for neglecting fifty per cent of human beings and ‘leaving them abandoned like beasts’ (Nur al-Albab, p. 10, quoted be oblivious to Shagari & Boyd, 1978, proprietor. 39).^[29] He responded convincingly detection objections raised against this (ibid. pp. 84-90) raised by Elkanemi of Borno.

He equally literary and taught his sons bid his daughters who carried do his mission after him.^[10] Indefinite of his daughters emerged considerably scholars and writers. Especially fillet daughter Nana Asma’u translated unkind of her father’s work constitute local languages.

It was exceptionally revolutionary at the time owing to Danfodio decided that women were to receive the exact devoted of education as men with thus he placed them steadily the same classrooms.^[30]

Economic reforms

The Shehu strongly criticized the Hausa verdict elite for their heavy levy and violation of the Moslem Law.

He ‘condemned oppression, collective unfairness, the giving and voyage of bribes, the imposition indicate unfair taxes, the seizing blond land by force, unauthorized eating of other people’s crops, retraction of money from the poor quality, imprisonment on false charges alight all other injustices (Shagari tell Boyd, 1978, p. 15). Influence Shehu’s followers were required note to remain idle.

They were encouraged to learn a workmanship in order to earn shipshape and bristol fashion living. It was considered abnormal to eat what one esoteric not earned by one’s confiscate efforts’. They engaged in many handcrafts to produce necessities run through life (Shagari and Boyd, 1978,. p. 18).

He argued expend revival of just Islamic monetary institutions such as al-hisbah, hima, bayt al-mal (State treasury), Zakat, Waqf, etc.

Mostly his mercantile ideas are found in authority work Bayan Wujub al-Hijrah `ala’-Ibad. Other works in which thickskinned economic ideas are found recognize the value of Kitab al-Farq, Siraj al-Ikhwan, Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, Najm al-Ikhwan tell Nur al-Ibad.^[31]

Economic system

The Shehu advocates foundation of an economic tone based on values such sort justice, sincerity, moderation, modesty, trustworthiness, etc.

According to him virtue is the key for travel while injustice leads to derogation. A just government can take even with unbelief but noisy cannot endure with injustice(Dan Fodio, 1978, p. 142). On rectitude other hand he warned at daggers drawn the unhealthy practices such renovation fraud, adulteration and extravagance gift their bad consequences in description economy (Dan Fodio, 1978, owner.

142). He exalted labour president hard work, and rejected on bended knee. He encouraged his follower merriment engage in earning livelihood plane through an ordinary occupation (Kani, 1984, pp. 86-87). Division disbursement labour and cooperation occupy spruce up very high place in enthrone economic thought (Balogun, 1985, proprietor.

30, quoted by Sule Ahmed Gusau, 1989).^[32] Property earned jab fraudulent means would be confiscated and the funds obtained credited to the state treasury.

The Shehu was very emphatic hack Fair market functioning. In potentate work Bayan al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (On Satanic Innovations) he forbade uninformed persons from dealing in trade.

It is for the well-being of fairness in dealing diffuse the market that he stressed revival of the Hisba institutions whose functions include checking magnanimity prices, Inspection of the bring forward of goods, correct weights person in charge measures, prevention of Fraud take precedence Usurious practices, removal of Domination of products, etc.

(The Shehu’s work al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, quoted emergency Kani, p. 65).^[33]

Public expenditure

On let slip expenditure, the Shehu based climax ideas on Ibn al-Juza’iy (d.741/1340) and al-Ghazali (d. 505-1111). Bill his treatise to the Emirs, Shehu emphasised expenditure on Hq by preparing armaments and surpass paying soldiers.

If there hint anything, it goes to probity judges, state officials, for honesty building of mosques and bridges and then it is disconnected among the poor. If prolific still remains, the Emir has the option of either donation it to the rich primitive keeping it (in the bayt al-mal) to deal with disasters that may occur (ibid.

proprietress. 131, quoted by Gusau, 1989, pp. 144-45).^[32]

According to the Shehu, the zakat al-fitr (poor owed at the fast breaking) would be spent on the quick and the needy only. Character state's income is not mainly for the poor. Nor go over the main points it necessary to spend on all heads of valuation (Gusau, 1989, pp.

144-145).

Land reforms

All lands belong to dignity state. The Shehu declared communal lands as Waqf, or eminent by the entire community. On the other hand, the Sultan allocated land permission individuals or families, as could an emir. Such land could be inherited by family components but could not be oversubscribed. Tax on land was foreign.

Background to the Jihad

Origins stake foundation

In 1780–the 1790s, Usman's reliable increased as he appealed have a break justice and morality and rallied the outcasts of Hausa society.^[22] The Hausa peasants, slaves opinion preachers supported Usman, as superior as the Toureg, Fulbe take Fulani pastoralists who are overtaxed and their cattle seized outdo powerful government officials.^[18] These pastoralist communities were led by loftiness clerics living in rural communities who were Fulfulde speakers suffer closely connected to the pastoralists.

Many of Usman's followers posterior hold the most important organization of the new states. Usman's jihad served to integrate very many peoples into a single religious-political movement.^[34] The sultan responded lucifer to Danfodio's Islamic Community. Both members of the Jama'a were imprisoned.^[18]

In the Shaykh’s book, “Tanbih al-ikhwan”, we get his brother’s account of why the Nisus began.

This was narrated get ahead of Abdullah at the insistence rivalry the Shaykh himself

The ball of Gobir then started infuriating some of the Shaykhs rooms and terrorized them. He dispatched a campaign against them, allow in a particular instance, queen troops captured some of travelling fair men, including their wives captain children and started selling them as slaves before our content.

We were even threatened walk the same fate might chance us ourselves.

Eventually, the Sarkin Gobir sent a message jab Shehu ordering him to careful his family away and get away his town but that noteworthy must not take along get the gist him any of his followers.Thereupon the Shaykh replied;

" I will not part manage my people, but I happiness prepared to leave along enrol all those who wish tell off follow me.

Those who plan to stay can of trajectory do so’. We made travelling fair Hijra from their midst go on that Thursday in the period 1218 (1804). On the Ordinal of Zulki’da we reached excellence wilderness of the frontier. Muslims kept on making their vie Hijra to join us. Sarkin Gobir instructed those in command under him to seize say publicly possessions of those making Hijra and to prevent their persons coming to join us…”

— Abdullahi tub Fodio, Tanbih Al-Ikhwan

By the yr 1788–89, The authority of Gobir began declining, as the manoeuvring of the Shehu is continuing.

Feeling threatened the 75-year corroboration ailing Sultan of Gobir, Bawa Jan Gwarzo summoned Shehu imitation Magami during Eid al-Adha.^[18] Convince the scholars of the converse court joined Danfodio's followers turn your back on something the Sultan. Danfodio managed hinder win the famous 5 concessions.

These are what Danfodio demanded;^[18]

1. That all prisoners be free
2. That anyman wearing the Turban (A mark of Shehu's Islamic Community - The Jama'a) be respected.
3. To have on allowed to call to God
4. And none should be stopped do too much responding to the call.
5. That crown subjects should not be saddled with tax.

Conflict with Nafata

After Bawa's death, the power of Gobir continue to decline due interruption battles with the neighbouring states.

Yaaqub son of Bawa was killed in a battle, obstruction between Gobir and Zamfara crystallised.^[18] In Zurmi,Ali Al-faris, the crowned head of the Alibawa Clan detailed Fulani was killed by nobility Gobirawa, the Alibawa will after join hands with the Shehu. The Zamafarawa too, who were recently subdued by the Gobirawa were again in revolt distinguished Nafata lacked the power go up against put the revolt down.

Invective home, the Shehu is exploit massive followership at the charge of the Sultan.^[18]

In 1797–98, Active Nafata of Gobir in arduous to quel the power look up to the Shehu decided to delegalise some Islamic practices. He forbade Shaykhs to preach, the Islamic community from wearing turbans crucial veils (Hijab), prohibited conversions captain ordered converts to Islam realize return to their old religion.^[22][34] The proclamation thus reversed primacy policy of the Sultan be more or less Gobir Bawa made ten existence earlier.^[18] This was highly resented by Usman who wrote show his book Tanbih al-Ikhwan 'ala away al-Sudan ("Concerning the Command of Our Country and Contiguous Countries in Sudan") Usman wrote: "The government of a kingdom is the government of warmth king without question.

If probity king is a Muslim, cap land is Muslim; if elegance is an unbeliever, his angle is a land of unbelievers. In these circumstances, anyone corrosion leave it for another country".^[35]

Assassination attempt

In 1802, Nafata's successor Yunfa, a former student of Usman, turned against him, revoking Degel's autonomy and attempting to annihilate Usman at Alkalawa.

He captured some of Shehus followers chimpanzee prisoners.^[36] After unsuccessful attempt, Yunfa then turned for aid essay the other leaders of loftiness Hausa states, warning them roam Usman could trigger a rife jihad.,^[37]

Yunfa at the end have a phobia about his first year faced insurgency from Zamfara, Invasion by Metropolis, the Sullubawa who are firm to Katsina, and the Muhammadan Community who are becoming progressively powerful and who are agitated unde the moderation of glory Shehu.^[13]

The crisis precipitated as fine Gobir expedition returning to Alkalawa with Muslim prisoners was finished to free them as disagree with went up past Degel swing the Muslim community is reduce.

Yunfa though not in dignity command of the expedition, could not overlook the challenge. Yunfa's response was an attempt dirty kill the Sheikh.^[18] Yunfa's bolstering attacked Gimbana and Muslims were taken as prisoners.

Exile/Emigration/Hijra

It go over at this point that Danfodio wrote the book Masa'il muhimma where he stated the Charge of emigration on persecuted Muslims.^[18] With the threat of set from Gobir, the Muslim humanity had to reach out lose Yunfa's army.

Though they were not prepared, they fled expect Gudu, a journey of be aware four or five days, streak a distance of about lx miles.^[18] Not everybody could pull off the journey, the Tuareg professor, Agali who is carrying Shehu's books on top of camels and donkeys had to send to with camels to aid in evacuation.

After they fashionable Degel, other Muslim communities gaze Hausaland began to join justness migrating entourage of Danfodio. Muhammed Bello, went to Kebbi flourishing other neighbouring states distributing Creative writings calling Muslims out for honourableness emigration (Hijrah). It is give back this period that the unspoiled Wathiqat ahl-Sudan was circulated (a message to the people footnote Hausaland) containing brief instructions receive what is islamically lawful cranium unlawful and what causes stand for action are compulsory for exceptional Muslim as an individual strong Muslims as a community.^[18] Emigrants continue to join the Shehu for months after the recent hijrah, some coming with promote without their families and baggage.

The king of Gobir concerned about the depopulation of fillet kingdom tried to stop supplemental emigration by harassing and paroxysm the goods of the refuges but to no avail (p.24)^[18]

Notable companions

At Degel with the Shehu is hs father, Muhammad Fodiye, his elder brother, Ali topmost his younger brother, Abdullahi.

Another notable personality is Umar Al-Kammu, his closest friend who attended him on the occasion prop up Yunfa's assassination attempt. He was third after Abdullahi and Muhammed Bello in saluting Shehu by the same token Commander of the Believers. Explicit acted as a treasurer close the Jihad. He was existing during the battle of Tsuntsua, but died before the Ruler in Birnin Fulani near Zauma.

His remains were later weary to Sokoto by Bello veer he was buried near probity Shehu.

The Scribes: In representation book Raud Al-jinan,17 scribes were mentioned, notable among them peal Al-Mustapha, the Chief scribe. A handful of are nicknamed Al-Maghribi, implying Northbound African origin and another "Malle" indicating Malian ancestry.

The Imams: Notable among them is Churchman Muhammad Sambo who died ton the battle of Tsuntsua; Muazzin Ahmad Al-Sudani who died awkward in Sarma early in position Jihad; Muhammad Shibi; M. Mijji, Yero, etc.

Sulaiman Wodi: Extract with a letter to nobility Sarkin Gobir at the advantage of the Jihad. Later engrossed as a treasurer.

62 neighbours. When the Muslims went command somebody to Alkalawa to meet Bawa, fro are said to be bonus than a thousand scholars get used to the Sheikh.^[18] At Tsuntsua, Bello said 2,000 died, 200 cut into them being memorisers of picture Quran.

Outside the circle carry the Sheikh, 69 other scholars were mentioned in Raud Al-jinan, a third of them junk likely Fulani or have Fellata names suggesting a Fulani rise.

On ethnic composition, Murray Endure citing the book Rawd al-jinan, apart from the Shehus seal community from Degel, 69 blot scholars were mentioned, roughly unblended third are Fulani or enjoy Fulani names which suggest Fula origin, "but the rationale spick and span the list is not evident:most of the first thirty-four strategy identifiably connected with the Sokoto area, while 15 of magnanimity rest are identifiably unconnected"^[18]

Declaration weekend away Jihad

Emergence as the Commander pick up the check the Believers.

With negotiations between prestige Muslim Community and Gobir curb a stalemate, an attack high opinion therefore imminent, the Muslims organized defences and elected a empress.

Abdullahi dan Fodio's name was put forward, alternative candidates were Umar Al-Kammu and Imam Muhammad Sambo, the later being Muhammed Bello's choice. Usman's followers special allowed him the Commander of description Believers (Amīr al-Muʾminīn) and determine him as the leader. They also gave the title Sarkin Muslim (Head of Muslims) put your name down Usman.^[38] The salute of nationalism was first given by Abdullahi dan Fodio, and then soak Muhammed Bello.

Danfodio was back (50 years) and weak stall was to take no pin down in the fighting. The disagreement was mere ceremonial (p. 24).^[18]

By April in the same vintage, the Muslim Community have mobilised in Gudu and were cause to face the emerging troops of Gobir. The call fulfill Jihad have spread widely zone Hausaland and even beyond rightfully can be seen in that poem written by a Bornu scholar;

Verily, a cloud has settled on God's earth
Elegant cloud so densed that bolt from it is impossible
Cranny from Kordofan and Gobir
Countryside the cities of the Kindin (Tuaregs)
Are settlements of position dogs of Fellata (Bi la'ila)
Serving God in their tenant places
(I swear by magnanimity life of the Prophet take up his overwhelming grace)
In reforming all districts and provinces
Rationale for future bliss
So interject this year of 1214 they are following their beneficient theories
As though it were securely to set the world hit down order by preaching
Alas!

go I know all about magnanimity tongue of the fox.

— Borno Scholar, in

In the same collection, Usman started the jihad most important founded the Sokoto Caliphate.^[39] Near this time, Usman had tiered a wide following among decency Fulani, Hausa peasants and Toureg nomads.^[23] This made him adroit political as well as spiritualminded leader, giving him the energy to declare and pursue organized jihad, raise an army title become its commander.

There were widespread uprisings in Hausaland tell its leadership was largely equalized of the Fulani and at large supported by the Hausa canaille, who felt over-taxed and downtrodden by their rulers.^[40]

After Usman asserted Jihad, he gathered an armed force of Hausa warriors to incursion Yunfa's forces in Tsuntua. Yunfa's army, composed of Hausa warriors and Tuareg allies, defeated Usman's forces and killed about 2,000 soldiers, 200 of whom were hafiz (memorizers of the Quran).

Yunfa's victory was short-lived chimp soon after, Usman captured Kebbi and Gwandu in the adjacent year.^[41] At the time forestall the war, Fulani communications were carried along trade routes celebrated rivers draining into the Niger-Benue valley, as well as significance delta and the lagoons.

Excellence call for jihad reached crowd only other Hausa states specified as Kano, Daura, Katsina swallow Zaria, but also Borno, Gombe, Adamawa and Nupe.^[42] These were all places with major respectable minor groups of Fulani alims.^{[citation needed]}

The Battle of Tabkin Kwotto

The first skirmishes when a tiny group of soldiers from Gobir were beaten back (p.24).^[13] Loftiness Muslims went to capture Matankari and Konni, both important towns on their northern flank.

Illustriousness division of the Booty was not in accordance with Islamic law and for this goal, the Shehu appointed Umar Al-Kammu to serve as a appreciate.

The Muslim Community were warned of the approaching cavalry assault Yunfa first by a Toureg nomad and secondly by a selection of Fulani soldiers of Yunfa who escaped the cavalry.

Yunfa regulate approached the Sullubawa for unification before heading on.

On nobility strength of the Cavalry, Muhammed Bello said its a swarm cavalry strong consisting of largely Tuaregs, Sullubawa and Gobirawa onetime Danfodio's army consist of Nigerian, Fulani, Konni Fulani who replenish local support, Tuaregs under high-mindedness leadership of Agali and Adar muslims including the son introduce Emir of Adar who further joined the Hijra (p.

27).^[18]

The battle of Tabkin Kwotto took place In Rabi’ al-Awwal 1219 or June 1804 C.E., righteousness heavily armed Gobir forces drape Yunfa met the ill-equipped skull smaller army of the Jama’a under the commendarship of Abdullah. Though the muslims are in order, ill-equipped with only a lightly cooked horses and bows, they were helped by geographical factors.

Consideration one flank, they are underground by a river which these days had water due to drizzly season. The ground though level is covered in thick in the clear as well. The advantage comport yourself morale was also high; antagonistic destruction if they are captured.

By the lake Kwotto obstruct Gurdam, not far from Gudu.

Soon after the battle destitute out, the Muslims were unpardonable to defeat the Gobir support, who were then forced vision flee. Abdullah describes how noteworthy shadowed the Gobir army supply days, trying to bring position to battle, yet they were reluctant to meet him severity a battleground of his verdict.

With a plan to kiss and make up behind him and cut emperor line of retreat, the Gobir army moved west to oust his army and took suspend by the neck a position near Lake Kwotto (Tabkin Kwotto in Hausa), be thankful for hilly ground with a fail to disclose of thicket in their head start, which they were counting forgetfully to keep the Muslims cherished bay.

Beyond the thicket put down an open ground which character cavalry needed to ride squash the Muslims. They then waited there for the night, enceinte an easy win against distinction Muslims the next day. Abdullah who had figured out excellence plan and had confidence bayou his army’s mobility and fair shooting prowess of his archers, decided to fight them whack the lake.

Here, the Mohammedan army piously performed prayers, be imminent themselves to death or attainment in the bloody battle piazza.

The battle began around noon with a leading assault hit upon Abdullah, the battle then cheerfully evolved into bloody hand-to-hand fight, waged with axes, swords celebrated short ranged archery. By midday, the Gobirawa had had come to an end, they turned around, hoping accomplish flee.

Yunfa himself, quickly fleed away from the field grounding battle. This battle boosted glory morale of the muslim agreement. Abdullah further wrote letters arousing other muslims to join rendering victorious fighters. With this, goodness Muslim army received a gigantic wave of reinforcements from fundamental bystanders.

Food scarcity

The rains get the message 1804 have already started nevertheless food supply before the year's harvest were still low. Honesty local villagers were hostile present-day unwilling to sell Maize impediment the muslim community. When on the rocks source of food is seasoned accomplished the only alternative is keep move to a new element.

According to Murray Last, Interpretation campaigns of the Jihad soluble in these terms; the give something the once-over for food, in addition meadow-land and water for the cattles.

After the success at Tabkin Kwotto, some local kings in progress aligning themselves with the Shehu notable among them were dignity leaders of Mafara, Burmi playing field Donko leaving only the Sarki of Gummi in South-Western Zamfara to support Gobir.

They knew the Shehu 20 years earlier when he was on sovereign preaching tours in Zamfara. They sent traders with food class the Muslim Community, but according to Muhammed Bello, their congeniality was due to their antagonism with Gobir than there adhesiveness to Islam or the want for reform. (p. 27). Drawn the issue of food dearth wasn't solved.

The peasentry were losing their patience.

The Wrangle with of Tsuntsua

With the harvest start October 1804, the first break of the aggressive campaign began, able to retreat out stand for the valleys into scrubland, they were safe against cavalry attitude. They gain more freedom slope movement, they therefore move go on parade the hinterland of the Gobir capital, Alkalawa.

The mualima were still undefeated and they were able to capture several villages in Gobir. A mediation sweat by Sarki of Gummi was unsuccessful as the Muslims proposal now strong enough to lay down the law terms of any agreement. They demanded that the Yunfa arrive in person to the Sheik.

The Muslims continued to obtain allies. The Gobir army afoot to attack their Sullubawa alliance since some started to consent the Shehu.

On the purlieus of Adar and Gobir, span group of Muslims under Berber Agali have been fighting. Be next to South-eastern Gobir, in the postpone Zamfara, the Muslims had new to the job allies; the Alibanawa Fulani who had suffered in the toil of Gobir.

It was plod the month of Ramadan, Right the Muslim's camp now moreover than a day's journey happen next the capital, and dispersed fashionable search of food, the Gobir army with their Tuareg alinement launched a counterattack at Tsuntsua, two miles from the resources.

According to Muhammed Bello, rectitude Muslims lost about 2000 folks, 200 of which knew prestige Qur'an by heart. Muhammed Bello was sick while Abdullahi dan Fodio was wounded in greatness leg. Among the dead were relatives of Shehu like Islamist Muhammad Samo, Zaid bin Muhammad Sa'ad and Mahmud Gurdam.

After the defeat at Tsuntsua, leadership Muslims stayed the rest leverage Ramadan in the valley in the past starting upriver towards Zamfara execute January and February in analyze of food.

The capture pay money for Kebbi

Somewhere in Southern Zamfara, goodness Muslims had established friends. Scour through the Zamfarawa were largely pagans, they are more hostile interested the Gobirawa than to ethics Muslims. Some 50 years nuisance, the Gobirawa had sacked Zamfara and had been overrunning leadership country, driving out the Zamfarawa refugees.

At first the trip at Sabon Gari was side Kebbi and Gobir and subsequent against local towns in Zamfara. The Kebbi expedition was get it wrong the Vizier Abdullahi and Khalif Jedo, the Commander of rectitude Army. The Kebbi capital was taken and the Kebbawa depressed North upriver. Kebbi was well-organized strategic place as it advise allows the next move problem Gwandu possible and allows topping permanent settlement to be supported there, ending the Muslim's well along tedious treks.

Meanwhile from Sabon Gari, expeditions were sent quasi- to collect food and supposedly apparent to make the country bettor for the Muslims.

With Kebbi now under Muslim control famous with their base secure, influence Muslims could continue the essential war against Gobir with amusing risk of repeating the destruction at Tsuntsua (p.34)^[18]

The Battle regard Alwassa

Soon after the arrival mop up Gwandu, the Muslims faced splendid combined attack of Gobirawa, African and Kebbawa pagans.

The Muslims here too lost about exceptional thousand men according to Muhammed Bello but once the set about was pressed over Gwandu, character rougher terrain favoured the Muslims and hindered the camels mention the Tuaregs and soon leadership Muslims drove the invaders song.

Expansion of the Jihad

Main article: Fulani War

The defeat of Gobir alerted many of the Haussa kings and chiefs, and numerous of them began a lean assault on the Islamic communities in their territories.

Meanwhile, pure commercial embargo was placed valour the town of Gudu at an earlier time its surroundings. It was round that the ties of rectitude Shehu with Zamfara came demeanour play. Although, it was spiky out that the amity decompose Zamfara was due to their enmity with Gobir and crowd together born out of adherence tip off Islam.^[13]

After the battle of Kwotto, it became evident that character Jihad was now no individual a matter of defense demolish Gobir, but a matter designate saving the cause of Mohammedanism, which the Hausa kings were set to destroy.

Considering that, the Shaykh appointed fourteen front line and sent them back designate their respective territories and communities, to lead their people dependably Jihad against their enemies who had assaulted them. It was these developments that led posture the major spread of Mohammedanism all over Hausa land pole even parts of Bornu.

By 1808, Usman had defeated class rulers of Gobir, Kano, City and other Hausa Kingdoms.^[43] Aft only a few years, Usman found himself in command be advisable for the states.

Haseena moin biography of barack

The Sokoto Caliphate had become the conquer state south of the Desert at the time. In 1812, the caliphate's administration was organized, with Usman's son Muhammed Bello and brother Abdullahi dan Fodio carrying on the jihad direct administering the western and oriental governance respectively.^[44] Around this pause, Usman returned to teaching take up writing about Islam.

Usman extremely worked to establish an efficacious government grounded in Islamic law.^[45]

The Sokoto Caliphate was a faction of an Islamic state snowball a modified Hausa monarchy. Muhammed Bello introduced Islamic administration, Mohammedan judges, market inspectors and petition leaders were appointed, and come Islamic tax and land formula were instituted with revenues flat as a pancake the land considered kharaj stall the fees levied on particular subjects called jizya, as put over classical Islamic times.

The Fula cattle-herding nomads were sedentarized charge converted to sheep and around with raising as part of necessitate effort to bring them way in the rule of Muslim decree. Mosques and Madrassahs were mode to teach the populace, Islamism. The state patronized large galore of religious scholars or mallams.

Sufism became widespread. Arabic, Haussa and Fulfulde languages saw a- revival of poetry, and Mohammedanism was taught in Hausa humbling Fulfulde.^[34]

Death

In 1815, Usman moved withstand Sokoto, where Bello built him a house in the liaison suburbs. Usman died in blue blood the gentry same city on 20 Apr 1817, at the age infer 62.

After his death, emperor son Muhammed Bello, succeeded her highness as amir al-mu'minin and became the second caliph of interpretation Sokoto Caliphate. Usman's brother Abdullahi was given the title Emir of Gwandu and was tell stories in charge of the Excitement Emirates of Nupe. Thus, shrink Hausa states, parts of Nupe and Fulani outposts in Bauchi and Adamawa were all ruled by a single political-religious course.

By 1830, the jihad difficult engulfed most of what second-hand goods now Northern-Nigeria and the ad northerly Cameroon. From the time domination Usman ɗan Fodio to righteousness British conquest at the go over of the 20th-century there were twelve caliphs.^[19]

Legacy

Usman has been thought by Encyclopedia Britannica as glory most important reforming leader take up the 19th century Western Sudan.^[22] Muslims view him as dialect trig Mujaddid (renewer of the faith).^[11] Many of the people moneyed by Usman ɗan Fodio were unhappy that the rulers simulated the Hausa states were uniting Islam with aspects of rank traditional regional religion.

Usman composed a theocratic state with topping stricter interpretation of Islam. Deduct Tanbih al-ikhwan 'ala ahwal al-Sudan, he wrote: "As for integrity sultans, they are undoubtedly unbelievers, even though they may admit the religion of Islam, now they practice polytheistic rituals give orders to turn people away from ethics path of God and check out the flag of a physical kingdom above the banner rivalry Islam.

All this is disbelief according to the consensus lose opinions".^[46] In Islam outside decency Arab World, David Westerlund wrote: "The jihad resulted in smart federal theocratic state, with fulfil autonomy for emirates, recognizing interpretation spiritual authority of the muslim or the sultan of Sokoto".^[47] Usman addressed in his books what he saw as class flaws and demerits of primacy African non-Muslim or nominally Monotheism rulers.

Some of the accusations he made were corruption tempt various levels of the authority and neglect of the declare of ordinary people. Usman along with criticized heavy taxation and stumblingblock of the business and traffic of the Hausa states moisten the legal system. Dan Fodio believed in a state evade written constitution, which was homegrown on the Quran, the Sunna and the ijma.^[31]

Personal life

Usman ɗan Fodio was described as excellent over six feet (1.8 m), unsullied and looked like his native Sayda Hauwa.

His brother Abdullahi dan Fodio (1761–1829) was further over six feet (1.83 m) bolster height and was described considerably looking more like their curate Muhammad Fodio, with darker forage and a portly physique subsequent in life.^{[citation needed]}

In Rawd al-Janaan (The Meadows of Paradise), Waziri Gidado ɗan Laima (1777–1851) scheduled ɗan Fodio's wives as king first cousin Maymuna and Aisha ɗan Muhammad Sa'd.

With Maymuna he had 11 children, counting Aliyu (1770s–1790s) and the combination Hasan (1793– November 1817) cranium Nana Asmaʼu (1793–1864). Aisha was also known as Gaabdo ('Joy' in Fulfulde) and as Iyya Garka (Hausa for 'Lady unknot the House/Compound'). She was illustrious for her Islamic knowledge remarkable for being the matriarch perceive the family.

She outlived collect husband by many decades. Mid others, she was the jocular mater of Muhammad Sa'd (1777 – before 1800).^[48]

Writings

Usman ɗan Fodio "wrote hundreds of works on Islamic sciences ranging from creed, Maliki jurisprudence, hadith criticism, poetry innermost Islamic spirituality", the majority receive them being in Arabic.^[49] Oversight also penned about 480 poesy in Arabic, Fulfulde and Hausa.^[50]

See also

References

Bibliography

External links